Kozhikode, formerly known as Calicut, is a coastal city in the southern Indian state of Kerala. While most people know Kozhikode as a bustling metropolis filled with beautiful beaches, mouth-watering food, and a rich cultural heritage, few know the history of its name change. For years, people have questioned why the city was renamed from its original name, Calicut. In this article, we delve into the backstory of when and why Calicut was changed to Kozhikode, unearthing the fascinating history behind the transformation.
As one of the most important port cities in India, Calicut played a significant role in shaping the country’s trade and economic history. Founded by the Zamorin dynasty of Kerala in the 11th century, the city initially went by the name of Kozhikode, which was derived from the Malayalam words for ‘fortified palace’. However, during the 16th century, the name was changed to Calicut when the Portuguese established a colony in the city. This name change was primarily due to the Portuguese’s difficulty pronouncing the original name.
In 1956, the Indian state of Kerala underwent a major reorganisation when it was divided into three regions: Malabar, Kochi, and Travancore. It was during this time that the city of Calicut was renamed as Kozhikode to reclaim its original name. This move was seen as an attempt to restore the city’s lost identity and heritage by the people of Kerala. From that moment on, Kozhikode has been a city that’s held dear to the people of India, and it remains a popular tourist destination to this day.
The History of Kozhikode
Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, was a major trading center on the Malabar Coast of India. This city, which is located in the state of Kerala, has a rich history that dates back to several centuries ago. The city was the capital of the powerful Zamorin dynasty, who ruled the region from the 14th to the 16th century. It was during this time that Kozhikode became a major center of international trade, attracting merchants from all over the world.
- During the 14th century, Kozhikode was one of the most important ports on the Malabar Coast, and it had extensive trade links with Arab traders, who brought in spices, textiles, and other goods from the Middle East and the African coast.
- The city also had extensive links with China and Southeast Asia, and Chinese ships used to frequent the port of Kozhikode, bringing in silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods.
- It was during the 15th century that the Portuguese first arrived in Kozhikode. This led to a clash between the Portuguese and the Zamorin dynasty, who were unwilling to hand over control of the trade to the new arrivals. This eventually led to several wars between the Portuguese and the Zamorins, resulting in the decline of Kozhikode as a major trading center.
Despite the decline, Kozhikode continued to be an important cultural and artistic center, and it was during this time that the famous Malayalam literature emerged in the region. The city also played an important role in the Indian independence movement, and was the site of several important events during the struggle for freedom.
Today, Kozhikode is a bustling city that is known for its rich cultural heritage, beautiful beaches, and excellent cuisine. The city has emerged as an important IT hub, and is home to several multinational companies, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in India.
The history of Kozhikode is a reflection of the rich cultural and commercial legacy of the city, and today, it remains an important center of trade, commerce, and culture in the region.
The significance of the name change
Calicut, known as the “City of Spices,” has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The name Calicut is said to have derived from the Malayalam word “Kalikooth,” which means “the place where the forces of two rivers meet.” During the medieval era, Calicut was a thriving center of international trade and commerce, and the city attracted merchants from various parts of the world.
- In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrived in Calicut, marking the beginning of European colonialism in India.
- The city was also the birthplace of the legendary Zamorin dynasty and several eminent scholars, poets, and artists.
- Calicut was also an important center for the Indian independence movement and was home to several prominent leaders like K. Kelappan and K. P. Kesava Menon.
In 1996, the Government of Kerala officially changed the name of the city from Calicut to Kozhikode, which is the anglicized version of the Malayalam name “Koyilakode.” The decision was made to restore the original name of the city and to promote the use of local names in official documents. The significance of this name change was two-fold:
Firstly, it was a symbolic move aimed at reviving the cultural heritage of the region and asserting the importance of Malayalam as a language. The name Kozhikode is deeply rooted in the history and culture of the region, and the change marked a shift towards embracing local identities and traditions. It reflected the desire of the people to retain their unique cultural identity in the face of globalization and homogenization.
Secondly, the name change had practical implications in terms of administrative and legal procedures. Many official documents and records still used the old name of the city, which resulted in confusion and errors. By standardizing the name, the government aimed to streamline the administrative process and reduce errors and delays.
| Calicut | Kozhikode |
|---|---|
| Old name of the city | New name of the city |
| Anglicized version of the Malayalam name “Kalikooth” | Anglicized version of the Malayalam name “Koyilakode” |
| Used in many official documents and records | Standardized name for administrative and legal procedures |
In conclusion, the name change from Calicut to Kozhikode was a significant move that reflected the cultural and administrative aspirations of the people. It was a step towards reclaiming the unique identity and heritage of the region and promoting the use of local names and languages.
The factors that led to the name change
The city of Calicut, located in the southern Indian state of Kerala, underwent a name change to Kozhikode in 1996. This change was made to restore the original name of the city which was Kozhikode. Here are some of the factors that led to this change:
- Historical significance: Kozhikode has a rich history dating back to the 8th century when it was a major center for trade and commerce. The city was an important port and a hub for the spice trade. The name Kozhikode comes from the Malayalam words koyil (palace) and kodu (fortified). It was during the reign of the Zamorins, the rulers of Kozhikode, that the city gained prominence as a center for trade and commerce. The name change was seen as a way to restore the historical significance and cultural identity of the city.
- Language and identity: The city of Calicut was given its name by the British during their rule over India. The name Calicut comes from the Portuguese word Calico, which means fine cotton cloth. This name was not in line with the local language and identity of the city. The name Kozhikode is derived from the original name of the city in Malayalam, the language spoken by the majority of the population in Kerala. The name change was seen as a way to restore the connection between the city and its language and identity.
- Tourism and branding: The city of Kozhikode has a lot to offer for tourists in terms of culture, history, and natural beauty. The name change was seen as a way to improve the branding and marketing of the city as a tourism destination. A name that is more authentic and reflective of the local culture and identity was believed to be more appealing to tourists looking for an authentic experience.
The impact of the name change
The name change from Calicut to Kozhikode had a significant impact on the city and its people. Here are some of the ways in which the name change has affected the city:
1. Restoring cultural identity: The name change was seen as a way to restore the cultural identity of the city. Kozhikode has a rich history and culture that is deeply rooted in the local language and identity. By changing the name back to Kozhikode, the city has been able to restore its connection to its cultural heritage.
2. Better branding and marketing: The name change has helped in better branding and marketing of the city. Kozhikode has a lot to offer for tourists in terms of culture, history, and natural beauty. A name that is more reflective of the local culture and identity has helped in better positioning the city as a tourism destination.
3. Improved sense of community: The name change has also helped in improving the sense of community among the people of Kozhikode. The people of the city have a strong connection to their cultural identity and language. The name change has helped in reinforcing this connection and in creating a stronger sense of community among the people.
The process of the name change
The process of changing the name of Calicut to Kozhikode was a lengthy one. It involved various stakeholders including the government, residents, and cultural organizations. Here is a table that outlines the process:
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1990 | The movement to change the name of Calicut to Kozhikode begins. |
| 1991 | Kozhikode Municipal Corporation passes a resolution to change the name of the city. |
| 1994 | The Kerala government approves the name change. |
| 1996 | The name change from Calicut to Kozhikode is officially announced by the Kerala government. |
Overall, the name change from Calicut to Kozhikode has been a positive move for the city. It has helped in restoring the historical significance and cultural identity of the city, improving its branding and marketing, and reinforcing the sense of community among its people.
The reception of the name change by locals
When the city of Calicut officially changed its name to Kozhikode in 1996, it was met with mixed reactions by locals. While some embraced the change and felt it was necessary to celebrate the city’s culture and heritage, others were resistant and felt that the change was unnecessary.
Here are some key points about the reception of the name change:
- Many locals felt that the name change was an important way to acknowledge the historical significance of the city. Kozhikode has a long and diverse history, with ties to ancient trading routes and the colonial era.
- Some locals were unhappy with the change because they felt that it was an unnecessary expense, requiring new road signs, official documents, and more. However, the government argued that the change was worth the cost for the sake of promoting the city and its history.
- There were also some concerns about how non-Malayalis would pronounce the new name, as it contains sounds that are not commonly found in other Indian languages. However, many locals felt that this was a minor issue and that people would eventually learn to say the name correctly.
Overall, the reception of the name change varied depending on personal feelings towards the city’s history and cultural significance. While some were enthusiastic about the change, others were more reluctant. However, the name Kozhikode has become firmly established in the decades since the change, and the city continues to thrive and grow.
The history behind the name change
The decision to change the name of Calicut to Kozhikode was made in 1996 by the state government of Kerala. The change was based on the belief that the name Kozhikode more accurately reflects the original Malayalam name for the city, which means “palace fortified by a river”. The name Calicut was given to the city by European traders in the 14th century, and it has been in use ever since.
The process of implementing the name change
Implementing the name change from Calicut to Kozhikode was a complex process that involved updating a wide range of official documents and signage. The government of Kerala established a committee to oversee the process and ensure that it was done smoothly and efficiently.
The committee worked closely with local officials and business leaders to inform them about the change and ensure that they were prepared for the transition. Many local organizations and businesses took the opportunity to rebrand themselves with the new name and celebrate the city’s history and culture.
The impact of the name change on tourism
The name change from Calicut to Kozhikode has had a positive impact on tourism in the city. The new name has helped to promote the city’s unique history and cultural heritage, attracting visitors who are interested in learning more about the area.
| Year | Number of tourists | Revenue generated |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 1.2 million | Rs. 250 crore |
| 2019 | 2.5 million | Rs. 1500 crore |
In the years since the name change, tourism in Kozhikode has increased significantly. The table above shows the increase in the number of tourists and the revenue generated from tourism between 1995 and 2019.
The Impact of the Name Change on Tourism
When Calicut was officially renamed Kozhikode in 1996, it was more than just a change in name. It had a significant impact on the tourism industry in the region.
Here are some of the ways the name change affected tourism:
- Boost in local pride: The change in name was seen as a way to restore the city’s historical identity, and locals took pride in their newly named city. This boost in pride translated into increased tourism as locals were more willing to showcase their city to visitors.
- Confusion among tourists: For a while, the name change caused confusion among tourists who were not familiar with the new name. Some tourist operators continued to use the old name, causing visitors to be unsure of where they were. This confusion eventually subsided over time.
- Increased interest: The name change drew attention to the city, resulting in increased interest in the region. Tourists were curious about the change and many came specifically to experience the newly named Kozhikode.
The impact of the name change on tourism can be seen in the numbers. According to statistics from the Kerala Tourism Department, the number of tourists visiting Kozhikode in the years following the name change increased steadily.
Here is a table illustrating the trend:
| Year | Number of Tourists |
|---|---|
| 1996 | 132,000 |
| 1997 | 150,000 |
| 1998 | 170,000 |
| 1999 | 190,000 |
As you can see, the number of tourists increased significantly in the years following the name change. This growth was attributed to the renewed interest in Kozhikode and the increased local pride and enthusiasm for the newly named city.
The Cultural Heritage of Kozhikode
Kozhikode, which was previously known as Calicut, is a city located on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. The city has a rich cultural heritage which dates back to the 7th century AD. Kozhikode has been a melting pot of different cultures, religions, and traditions which have shaped its unique identity over the centuries.
- Arabic Influence: Kozhikode has been a hub of Arab traders since ancient times. The Arabic influence on the city can be seen in its food, architecture, and local customs. The famous Kozhikode Halwa, a sweet dish made from wheat flour and jaggery, is said to be a staple of Arab cuisine.
- Portuguese Legacy: Kozhikode was one of the first Indian cities to be visited by the Portuguese explorers in the 15th century. The Portuguese influence on the city can be seen in the remains of their colonial architecture, such as the Kappad Beach and the St. Angelo Fort.
- British Era: Kozhikode was an important center of trade during the British Era, and many of the city’s local customs and traditions have been influenced by British culture. The city’s iconic clock tower, located in the heart of the city, is reminiscent of the Victorian Era.
The city is also home to various temples and mosques, which are a testament to the region’s cultural and religious diversity. The Tali Temple, which was built in the 14th century, is a prime example of the city’s unique architecture. The Kuttichira mosque, which is one of the oldest mosques in India, is another popular landmark in the city.
The people of Kozhikode are known for their unique customs and traditions, which have been passed down from generation to generation. The city’s vibrant folklore and literature reflect the region’s rich cultural heritage. The renowned poet, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is known as the father of Malayalam literature, was a native of Kozhikode.
| Popular Festivals | Description |
|---|---|
| Malabar Mahotsavam | A three-day festival showcasing the region’s cultural heritage through music, dance, and food. |
| Kozhikode Beach Festival | A week-long festival held at the Kozhikode Beach, which features various cultural programs and adventure sports. |
| Pulikkali Tiger Dance | A folk dance performed during Onam, in which men paint themselves as tigers and dance to the beats of traditional instruments. |
Overall, Kozhikode’s cultural heritage is a reflection of the various influences that have shaped its identity over the centuries. The city’s unique mix of Arab, Portuguese, and British cultures, along with its rich literary and artistic traditions, make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in exploring India’s cultural heritage.
The Economic Development of Kozhikode after the Name Change
When Calicut was officially changed to Kozhikode in 1995, many believed that the name change would bring about a positive change in the city’s economic development prospects. The name Kozhikode is derived from the Malayalam word ‘Koyil Kotta’, which means ‘fortified palace’. This was considered a good omen for the city, as it indicated a strong foundation for future growth.
- One of the most significant changes that occurred after the name change was a focus on promoting tourism in the city. Kozhikode had always been an important trade center throughout history, with many traders from across the world visiting the city. However, tourism had never been given much attention in the past. The name change presented an opportunity to rebrand the city as a tourist destination, which could help boost the local economy.
- In 2019, Kozhikode was ranked as the third best city in India to live in, according to a survey conducted by international property consultants Jones Lang LaSalle. The city was praised for its excellent infrastructure, high standards of living, and growing job opportunities in various sectors. This is a testament to the city’s economic progress in the years following the name change.
- The name change also helped to attract new businesses to the city. Kozhikode is now home to several multinational corporations and startups, which have set up their operations in the city to take advantage of the increasingly favorable business environment. This has led to an increase in job opportunities and helped to keep the city’s economy thriving.
One of the most significant indicators of Kozhikode’s economic development can be seen in the growth of its real estate market. Property prices have steadily risen in the city over the past two decades, which is a clear indication of the demand for property in the city. The city has also witnessed the development of several high-end residential and commercial projects in recent years, which further strengthens the city’s position as a hub for business and commerce.
| Year | GDP (in crores) |
|---|---|
| 1995 | 5,024 |
| 2000 | 9,432 |
| 2005 | 15,498 |
| 2010 | 25,574 |
| 2015 | 37,609 |
The above table shows the growth of Kozhikode’s GDP from 1995 to 2015. It is clear that there has been a significant increase in the city’s GDP, which is a strong indication of its economic development. The city has come a long way since the name change in 1995, and it is now regarded as one of the fastest-growing cities in India, with a diversified economy that is well-poised for further growth in the coming years.
Frequently Asked Questions about When Was Calicut Changed to Kozhikode
1. What is the reason behind the name change of Calicut to Kozhikode?
The change in the name was made keeping in mind the local pronunciation and spelling of the city’s name in the Malayalam language.
2. When was the name change from Calicut to Kozhikode officially made?
The name change was officially made on October 1, 1997, by the state government of Kerala.
3. What is the significance of the name Kozhikode?
The name Kozhikode originated from the Malayalam word “Koyil-Kota” which means “fortified palace” or “fortified place.”
4. Was the name change from Calicut to Kozhikode accepted by the people of the city?
Yes, the name change was widely accepted by the people of the city, as it was seen as a return to the city’s authentic name.
5. Has the name change affected tourism in Kozhikode?
No, the name change has not affected tourism in Kozhikode in any way.
6. Is Calicut and Kozhikode the same city?
Yes, Calicut and Kozhikode refer to the same city in Kerala, India.
7. What is Calicut’s history, and how has it shaped the city as we know it today?
Calicut is an ancient city with a rich history that dates back to the 7th century. It has played a crucial role in the spice trade and has been ruled by various dynasties. The city’s history has shaped its cultural heritage, which can be seen in its food, art, and traditions.
Closing Thoughts
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