Kinetic energy is a fascinating scientific concept that showcases the power of motion. For those who aren’t familiar with it, kinetic energy is the energy that an object possesses when it’s in motion. Think of a car driving on the highway or a ball rolling down a hill. These are just a few of the many kinetic energy examples that exist in our daily lives. But did you know that there are also less obvious examples of kinetic energy? For instance, the energy that our bodies produce when we move or the energy generated by the wind.
If you’re interested in learning more about kinetic energy, you’re in the right place. In this article, I’ll be diving into five different kinetic energy examples that are sure to pique your curiosity. From roller coasters to lightning bolts, these examples will show you just how widespread and powerful kinetic energy can be. Whether you’re a science enthusiast or just looking to expand your knowledge, this article is sure to be an exciting and informative read.
So, without further ado, let’s jump right in and explore the world of kinetic energy. From the energy created by a swinging pendulum to the force generated by a speeding bullet, we’ll take a look at five different examples of kinetic energy that are sure to leave you amazed and wonderstruck. So sit back, relax, and let’s uncover the mysteries of one of the most incredible forces in our universe – kinetic energy.
Definition of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy refers to the energy that an object possesses due to its motion. The word “kinetic” comes from the Greek word “kinesis,” which means motion. In simple terms, kinetic energy is the energy that an object has when it is in motion. The amount of kinetic energy that an object has depends on its mass and its velocity.
- Mass – The larger the mass of the object, the more kinetic energy it will have when in motion.
- Velocity – The faster the object is moving, the more kinetic energy it will have.
One of the most fundamental concepts in physics, kinetic energy plays a critical role in various real-world scenarios. Without proper knowledge of kinetic energy, it would be impossible to understand various phenomena, including motion, collisions, and explosions. The concept of kinetic energy is also crucial in various fields, including engineering, architecture, and transportation.
Formula for Calculating Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses because of its motion. The formula for calculating kinetic energy is:
KE = 1/2 * m * v2
Where:
- KE stands for kinetic energy measured in joules (J).
- m is the mass of the object in kilograms (kg).
- v is the velocity of the object in meters per second (m/s).
According to this formula, if we double the mass or the velocity of an object, its kinetic energy will increase four times, and if we triple the mass or the velocity of the object, its kinetic energy will increase nine times!
Let’s take a look at some examples to understand the formula better.
Kinetic Energy Examples
- A 1,000 kg car traveling at 20 m/s has a kinetic energy of 200,000 J.
- A 2,000 kg truck traveling at 30 m/s has a kinetic energy of 900,000 J.
- A 5 kg ball traveling at 10 m/s has a kinetic energy of 250 J.
As you can see, the mass and velocity of the object greatly affect its kinetic energy. That’s why kinetic energy is also known as motion energy, because an object has to be in motion to have it. In addition, the direction of the motion doesn’t affect the kinetic energy, only the magnitude of the velocity.
However, it’s important to note that the formula for calculating kinetic energy only applies to objects that move in a straight line with a constant velocity. If the object has an angular velocity, like a spinning top, or changes its velocity, like a roller coaster, we need to use different formulas to calculate its kinetic energy.
| Object | Mass (kg) | Velocity (m/s) | Kinetic Energy (J) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Car | 1,000 | 20 | 200,000 |
| Truck | 2,000 | 30 | 900,000 |
| Ball | 5 | 10 | 250 |
Kinetic energy is a fundamental concept in physics that explains why moving objects do what they do. It’s also an important concept in many other fields, such as engineering, mechanics, and sports. Understanding the formula for calculating kinetic energy can help us predict and analyze the behavior of objects in motion.
Units of Measurement for Kinetic Energy
When talking about energy, it is important to have quantifiable measurements in order to understand and track it effectively. Kinetic energy is measured in Joules, which is the same unit of measurement as work and force. A Joule is defined as the amount of energy needed to apply a force of one Newton through a distance of one meter.
Here are the other units of measurement for kinetic energy:
- Calories: this is a common unit used to measure energy. One calorie is equal to 4.184 Joules. It is often used in nutrition and exercise to determine the amount of energy supplied or used by the body.
- Electronvolts: this measurement is used in physics and atomic studies. It is the amount of energy gained by an electron when it moves across an electric potential difference of one volt.
- Watt-seconds: this measurement is used to describe the output of electrical devices. One watt-second is equal to one Joule of energy.
In addition to these units, there are also some non-SI units of measurement that are occasionally used to describe kinetic energy. These include foot-pounds (ft-lb) and pound-feet (lb-ft), both of which are used in engineering to measure torque. However, when dealing with kinetic energy specifically, it is best to use Joules as the standard unit of measurement.
| Unit of measurement | Equivalence in Joules |
|---|---|
| Joule (J) | 1 J |
| Calorie (cal) | 4.184 J |
| Electronvolt (eV) | 1.602*10^-19 J |
| Watt-second (W-s) | 1 J |
| Foot-pound (ft-lb) | 1.356 J |
| Pound-foot (lb-ft) | 1.356 J |
Understanding the different units of measurement for kinetic energy is crucial for accurately measuring and tracking it in various contexts. Knowing how to convert between units can also be useful in comparing different types of kinetic energy, as well as in making energy-related calculations and predictions.
Characteristics of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object in motion. It is the result of an object’s mass and velocity. In order to have kinetic energy, the object must have both mass and velocity. Here are the characteristics of kinetic energy:
- Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity. It only has magnitude and does not have direction.
- Kinetic energy is proportional to the mass of an object. The larger the mass, the more kinetic energy it has.
- Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity of an object. This means that if two objects of the same mass are moving at different velocities, the object with the higher velocity will have more kinetic energy.
- Kinetic energy can be transferred from one object to another. This is called energy transfer or work.
- Kinetic energy can be transformed into other forms of energy, such as potential energy or thermal energy.
Here is a table showing the kinetic energy formula:
| Kinetic Energy Formula |
|---|
| KE = 1/2mv2 |
Where:
- KE = Kinetic energy in Joules (J)
- m = Mass of object in kilograms (kg)
- v = Velocity of object in meters per second (m/s)
Advantages of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that comes from motion. It is an essential form of energy that is utilized in different fields, such as physics, engineering, and even in our daily lives. Here are five advantages of kinetic energy:
- Renewable energy source: Unlike fossil fuels, which run out of supply and release harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, kinetic energy is a renewable energy source. It is environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source that does not result in atmospheric pollution or global climate change.
- Cost-effective: Kinetic energy is cost-effective, making it an attractive alternative to traditional energies. Once implemented, it requires little maintenance and generates energy without producing greenhouse gases.
- Efficient energy conversion: Kinetic energy can be converted into any other kind of energy with high levels of efficiency. Machine-based conversion of kinetic energy results in little-to-no energy loss.
- Adaptable to various environments: Kinetic energy is adaptable. From wind turbines in open areas to hydroelectric power stations in dense water bodies, there are various ways to harness kinetic energy from different environments.
- Easy deployment: As a form of energy, kinetic energy is relatively easy to deploy. It does not require extensive infrastructure modifications, and once installed, it can generate electrical energy to power homes and industries.
Applications of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy has diverse applications in different fields, from producing electricity to propelling cars. Here are some examples of kinetic energy’s application:
- Energy Production: Kinetic energy is harnessed in power plants to generate electricity. Water is allowed to fall from a height to spin a turbine that is connected to a generator to generate electricity.
- Transportation: Kinetic energy is used in trains, buses, cars, and airplanes. The kinetic energy produced through motion is used to propel these vehicles.
- Sports and Leisure: Kinetic energy has various recreational applications like roller coasters, skateboard jumps, and bungee cords.
- Medical Treatment: Kinetic energy is utilized in radiation treatment for cancer patients. External sources of kinetic energy are used to generate radiation that is directed towards cancerous cells.
- Mechanical Engineering: Kinetic energy has numerous applications in the mechanical engineering industry, from manufacturing industries to the transportation industry, where it is used to power engines and compressors.
Examples of Kinetic Energy
Here are some fascinating examples of kinetic energy:
| Example | Kinetic Energy Produced |
|---|---|
| Roller Coaster at Its Peak | Maximum |
| Person Running Down a Hill | Significant |
| Wind Turbine Blades in Motion | High |
| Car Moving on a Highway | Considerable |
| Electric Fan | Low |
Overall, Kinetic energy offers numerous advantages over traditional energy sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power. It is a cleaner, safer, and cheaper energy source that provides significant benefits to different fields.
Subsection 6: Kinetic Energy in Sports
One of the most common examples of kinetic energy can be found in sports. Athletes often rely on kinetic energy to perform their movements effectively in sports. In fact, kinetic energy is an essential component of many sports and plays a vital role in determining the outcome of the game. Below are some examples of kinetic energy in sports.
- Football: The motion of the football itself is a prime example of kinetic energy. The quarterback throws the ball with a certain amount of energy, and the receiver needs to catch it with the same force to ensure a successful pass. The kinetic energy of the ball also determines the force with which it will hit a player during a tackle.
- Golf: When the golfer swings their club, they are applying force to the ball. The ball then moves through the air, powered by the kinetic energy that the golfer applied. The distance the ball travels is determined by the amount of kinetic energy applied to the ball.
- Basketball: The kinetic energy of a basketball is essential for players to shoot, dribble, and pass the ball. The dribbling motion relies on the kinetic energy applied to the ball when it bounces back off the ground. The speed and energy of the ball also determine the likelihood of making a successful basket.
In addition to these examples, kinetic energy is present in many other sports, including soccer, baseball, and tennis. The energy of a baseball bat hitting a ball, the force of a soccer ball being kicked, and the motion of a tennis ball being hit are all examples of kinetic energy in sports.
Overall, kinetic energy is an integral part of sports, and plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of the game. Athletes are trained to use and apply kinetic energy to their movements, and understanding kinetic energy can help improve performance and increase the chance of success.
Types of Kinetic Energy
There are several types of kinetic energy, some of which are listed below:
- Mechanical Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the motion of an object. Examples include a moving car, a spinning top, or a bouncing ball.
- Thermal Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the motion of atoms and molecules within a substance. The faster the particles move, the more thermal energy is present. Examples include a pot of boiling water, a campfire, or a radiator.
- Electrical Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the movement of charged particles, such as electrons. Examples include lightning bolts, electric appliances, or batteries.
- Sound Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the movement of sound waves through a medium, such as air or water. Examples include a musical instrument, a speaker, or a thunderstorm.
- Light Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the movement of electromagnetic waves. Examples include the sun, light bulbs, or lasers.
- Nuclear Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with the movement of subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons, within the nucleus of an atom. Examples include nuclear power plants and atomic bombs.
- Gravitational Energy – This type of kinetic energy is associated with an object’s position within a gravitational field. Examples include a roller coaster at the top of a hill, a person jumping off a diving board, or a satellite orbiting the Earth.
- A car in motion: When a car is moving, it possesses kinetic energy. The faster the car moves, the more kinetic energy it has.
- A tennis ball being served: When a tennis ball is served, it possesses kinetic energy. The harder the serve, the more kinetic energy the ball has.
- A roller coaster going down a hill: When a roller coaster goes down a hill, it possesses kinetic energy. The higher the hill, the more kinetic energy the roller coaster has.
- Soccer – The kinetic energy of a soccer ball becomes crucial during free kicks and penalty shots. The player uses their body to impart energy to the ball, which determines the direction and speed of the ball.
- Tennis – The kinetic energy in tennis comes into play when the player hits the ball with the racket. The player uses their body muscles to generate kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the racket. The racket then hits the ball, transferring the kinetic energy to the ball to determine its speed and direction.
- Swimming – Kinetic energy plays a vital role in swimming, especially in freestyle, butterfly, and breaststroke. Swimmers generate kinetic energy using their arms and legs, which propels them forward in the water.
- Gymnastics – Gymnasts use kinetic energy in various moves such as flips, dismounts, and vaults. The gymnast’s body generates kinetic energy, which is transferred to the apparatus, propelling them into the air to execute various moves.
- Boxing – The kinetic energy in boxing is generated when the boxer throws a punch. The boxer’s body generates kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the fist, which determines the power and speed of the punch.
- A Car in Motion – When driving a car, kinetic energy is being generated as the car moves. The faster the car moves, the higher the kinetic energy it possesses. When you suddenly brake the car, the kinetic energy is being converted to heat due to the friction between the brakes and the wheels.
- A Pendulum – A swinging pendulum is a classic example of kinetic energy. As the pendulum swings back and forth, it is constantly exchanging potential energy (at its highest point in the swing) with kinetic energy (at its lowest point in the swing).
- A Thrown Baseball – As you throw a baseball, it has an initial kinetic energy due to the motion of your arm. The ball then travels through the air, losing some kinetic energy to air resistance and gravity until it finally lands on the ground with zero kinetic energy.
- A Roller Coaster – A roller coaster is a thrilling way to experience kinetic energy. As the coaster car is pulled up to the top of the hill, it is gaining potential energy. When it reaches the top and begins to descend, it is converted to kinetic energy, which is what propels the car through the rest of the ride.
- A Spinning Top – A spinning top converts its potential energy (when it is initially set in motion) into kinetic energy as it spins. This is what keeps the top from falling over, as the kinetic energy keeps it in motion and in balance.
- Hydroelectric power – The movement of water in rivers or streams is used to generate electricity through hydroelectric power plants. The kinetic energy of the water is converted into electrical energy, which can power homes and businesses.
- Wind turbines – Wind turbines are used to capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electrical energy. The blades of the wind turbine spin, and the movement generates electricity.
- Solar panels – Solar panels convert the kinetic energy of photons from the sun into electrical energy. The photons create an electric current in the solar cells, which can then be used as a source of electricity.
- Geothermal energy – Geothermal energy is generated by the movement of hot water and steam beneath the Earth’s surface. This energy can be harnessed to produce electricity using geothermal power plants.
- Biomass energy – Biomass energy is derived from the kinetic energy of living organisms and the movement of plant materials. This energy can be used to create biogas or burned to generate electricity.
- Motion sensors in security systems utilize kinetic energy to detect movement. The sensors detect changes in motion and convert it into electrical signals that can trigger an alarm.
- Detectors in engineering applications use kinetic energy to trigger a response. For example, a detector in a conveyor belt system can detect the presence of a product and trigger a response to move it to the next process.
- In the 17th century, philosopher and scientist Gottfried Leibniz discovered the principle of conservation of kinetic energy, which states that the total amount of kinetic energy in a closed system remains constant over time.
- In the 19th century, James Prescott Joule conducted a series of experiments to determine the relationship between mechanical work and the heat generated by that work. His research laid the foundation for the concept of energy conversion and led to the designation of the Joule as the unit of energy.
- In 1821, William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnetic motor, which utilized kinetic energy to generate rotational motion. This breakthrough laid the foundation for the development of modern-day motors and generators.
- In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed the theory of special relativity, which showed that the mass of an object increases as its velocity approaches the speed of light. This concept is directly related to kinetic energy, as an object’s kinetic energy increases as its mass and velocity increase.
- In the late 20th century, advancements in materials science and engineering led to the development of highly efficient kinetic energy storage systems, such as flywheels and supercapacitors. These systems allowed for the efficient storage and utilization of kinetic energy in a variety of applications.
- When a ball is thrown, it possesses kinetic energy as it moves through the air. The amount of kinetic energy is determined by the mass and velocity of the ball.
- A car in motion possesses kinetic energy, which is converted into other forms of energy as the brakes are applied to bring the vehicle to a stop.
- The movement of wind and water is a result of kinetic energy, which is harnessed by wind turbines and hydroelectric dams to generate electricity.
Understanding the different types of kinetic energy can be helpful in understanding the way the world works and the many ways in which energy is present in our daily lives.
Real-life Examples of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses because of its motion. It is a type of energy that is found in almost all aspects of our daily lives. Whether you’re driving a car, throwing a ball, or walking down the street, you’re using kinetic energy. Here are five real-life examples of kinetic energy:
Another great example of kinetic energy can be found in sports, where athletes use their bodies to create and transfer kinetic energy. In track and field, for instance, athletes use their bodies to run, jump, and throw. They transfer the kinetic energy of their bodies into the kinetic energy of the objects they’re manipulating, such as a javelin, a discus, or a shot put.
One of the most impressive examples of kinetic energy can be found in the animal kingdom. Cheetahs, for instance, are famous for their incredible speed, which can reach up to 75 miles per hour. When cheetahs leap forward, the kinetic energy of their bodies is transferred to the kinetic energy of their movement. This allows them to quickly and efficiently chase their prey.
| Object | Mass | Speed | Kinetic Energy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Car | 1,400 kg | 65 mph | 190.8 kJ |
| Tennis Ball | 57 g | 100 mph | 114.6 J |
| Roller Coaster | 50,000 kg | 80 mph | 30,187.5 kJ |
The table above shows the kinetic energy of various objects in motion. As you can see, the kinetic energy of an object is proportional to both its mass and speed. This means that objects with greater mass or speed have more kinetic energy than those with less.
Overall, kinetic energy is a fascinating phenomenon that can be found all around us. It is an integral part of our everyday lives, and we use it every time we move, play sports, or engage in any activity that involves motion.
Kinetic Energy and Sports
Kinetic energy plays a crucial role in various sports activities as it is an essential component for executing various moves and actions. Here are some of the most notable examples of how kinetic energy is utilized in sports:
Here’s a table summarizing how kinetic energy is utilized in different sports:
| Sport | Example |
|---|---|
| Soccer | Free Kicks |
| Tennis | Hitting the ball with the racket |
| Swimming | Freestyle stroke |
| Gymnastics | Flips and vaults |
| Boxing | Throwing a punch |
In conclusion, kinetic energy is a crucial component in various sports, determining the speed and direction of movements and activities. Understanding kinetic energy and how it is utilized in sports is essential for athletes to perform better and excel in their respective fields.
Kinetic Energy and Everyday Objects
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object in motion. It can be observed in our everyday lives in a number of fascinating ways. Here are 5 kinetic energy examples which you can easily relate to:
Kinetic Energy in Action – The Physics of Everyday Objects
Let’s take a closer look at some everyday objects around us and the role that kinetic energy plays in their operation:
Bowling – When you bowl, kinetic energy plays a big part in the motion of the ball. The initial push you give the ball imparts kinetic energy, which keeps the ball moving toward the pins. The ball ultimately loses its kinetic energy due to friction with the lane and is stopped by the pins.
Radio-controlled Cars – The speed at which an RC car travels is due to the kinetic energy produced by its motor. When you push the throttle, the motor spins the wheels and provides kinetic energy that propels the car forward. When you let off the throttle, the kinetic energy is lost, and the car stops.
Swing Sets – When you swing on a swing set, energy is converted between potential and kinetic energy. At the start of the swing, you possess potential energy due to the height above the ground. As you swing back and forth, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy at the bottom of each arc. This keeps you moving back and forth until the kinetic energy is lost due to air resistance and time.
The Human Body – Our bodies also rely on kinetic energy for movement. When we walk or run, we convert potential energy (from raising our leg) into kinetic energy (as we move our legs forward and contact the ground). The kinetic energy then continues to power our movement forward.
| Object | Kinetic Energy Produced |
|---|---|
| Athlete running | The athlete possesses kinetic energy due to the motion of their body as they run. |
| Bouncing ball | As the ball bounces, it generates kinetic energy due to motion. This energy is lost to friction on each bounce, and eventually the ball comes to a stop. |
| Airplane taking off | The engines of an airplane convert fuel into kinetic energy that propels the plane forward, allowing it to takeoff and fly. |
In conclusion, kinetic energy is all around us in our everyday lives, from the cars we drive to the toys we play with. Understanding how it works helps us appreciate the physics that make our world function.
Kinetic Energy and Renewable Energy Sources
Kinetic energy, as we know, is the energy in motion. It is the energy of an object that is moving. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are those that are replenished over time and can be harvested repeatedly without depleting them. Here are 5 kinetic energy examples in the context of renewable energy sources:
Renewable Energy Sources and Their Kinetic Energy Potential
Renewable energy sources have the potential to harness vast amounts of kinetic energy and provide a clean, sustainable source of power. The table below shows the energy potential of some renewable energy sources:
| Renewable Energy Source | Kinetic Energy Potential |
|---|---|
| Hydropower | 10,000 – 100,000 MW |
| Wind energy | 2,000,000 MW |
| Solar energy | 20,000 TW |
| Geothermal energy | 7,000 MW |
| Biomass energy | 90,000 TW |
Renewable energy sources have the potential to fulfill our energy needs while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. The kinetic energy from these sources provides a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Kinetic Energy in Physics and Engineering
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object. In physics and engineering, kinetic energy plays a crucial role in a variety of applications. The following are five examples of how kinetic energy is used in these fields.
Example #1: Motion Sensors and Detectors
Example #2: Mechanical Engineering
Kinetic energy is essential in mechanical engineering, where it is used to design and analyze systems. For example, the amount of kinetic energy in a moving part of a machine can help determine its position, speed, and force.
Example #3: Transportation
Kinetic energy is the energy that moving vehicles possess. In transportation, it is critical to consider kinetic energy in designing and operating vehicles and their related systems. The energy is used to calculate fuel efficiency, braking distance, and acceleration performance.
Example #4: Renewable Energy
Windmills and hydro-power stations rely on kinetic energy to generate electricity. In wind energy, the kinetic energy from the wind rotates the wind turbine blades, which produces electricity. In hydro-power, the kinetic energy of the water turns turbines that generate electricity.
Example #5: Collisions and Impact Analysis
| Application | Impact Analysis |
|---|---|
| Automotive Industry | Kinetic energy is used to analyze the impact of car crashes and develop safety systems. |
| Aviation | Cockpit crashworthiness is analyzed through kinetic energy that can happen during landing and collision sequences. |
| Sports | Kinetic energy is used to determine the amount of impact when a player makes a tackle or falls. |
In conclusion, kinetic energy in physics and engineering plays an important role in various applications. Engineers and scientists utilize kinetic energy to design and analyze systems, generate renewable energy, and improve safety and security.
Historical Discoveries Related to Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy, or the energy associated with motion, has been observed and utilized by humans for centuries. Let’s take a closer look at some of the historical discoveries related to this fundamental concept:
Examples of Kinetic Energy
Now that we’ve explored some of the historical discoveries related to kinetic energy, let’s take a look at some examples of this fundamental concept in action:
Kinetic Energy Formula
The amount of kinetic energy possessed by an object is determined by its mass and velocity, and is calculated using the following formula:
| Kinetic Energy (KE) = | 0.5 x mass x velocity² |
|---|
The kinetic energy formula shows that doubling an object’s velocity increases its kinetic energy by a factor of four, highlighting the importance of velocity in determining the amount of kinetic energy possessed by an object.
What are 5 Kinetic Energy Examples?
1. A car speeding down a highway.
2. A wind turbine generating electricity.
3. A ball rolling down a hill.
4. A person jumping on a trampoline.
5. Water flowing through a dam to generate hydroelectric power.
FAQs
Q: What is kinetic energy?
A: Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Q: What are some other examples of kinetic energy?
A: Other examples include a pendulum swinging, a bullet flying through the air, and a roller coaster moving along its tracks.
Q: What kind of energy does a wind turbine generate?
A: A wind turbine generates electrical energy from the kinetic energy of the wind.
Q: How does a person jumping on a trampoline demonstrate kinetic energy?
A: When a person jumps on a trampoline, their body possesses kinetic energy as they move up and down.
Q: What is hydroelectric power?
A: Hydroelectric power is electrical power generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of moving water.
A Closing Note
Thanks for taking the time to learn about 5 examples of kinetic energy! Remember, kinetic energy is all around us and can be found in everything from the cars we drive to the wind turbines generating clean energy. Make sure to check back for more interesting articles in the future!